On 23 October 2024, the Patient Safety Commissioner for England published a set of Patient Safety Principles. In this blog, Patient Safety Learning sets out its reflections on these principles, highlighting key points included in its response as part of the public consultation process earlier this year.
The Patient Safety Commissioner’s new Patient Safety Principles are intended to act as a guide for leaders at all levels on how to design and deliver safer care for patients and reduce avoidable harm, in a just and learning culture.[1] They are as follows:
- Create a culture of safety - Leaders have a responsibility to lead by example to inspire a just and learning culture of patient safety and quality improvement. They should set out to keep people safe through the adoption of a safety management system and by embedding continuity of care, a culture of compassion and civility, effective listening, and restorative practice.
- Put patients at the heart of everything - Leaders should put the patient at the heart of all the work that they do, with patient partnerships the default position at all levels of the organisation. They should consider the needs of patients and communities to deliver person-centred care. Leaders should ensure that the patient voice is central in the design of services, in obtaining fully informed consent and to the implementation of shared decision making.
- Treat people as equals - People should be treated with respect, equity and dignity. Leaders should incorporate the views of all, and proactively seek and capture meaningful feedback from patients, workers, and communities, acknowledging that those from disadvantaged groups may need specific support and encouragement to contribute. They should act upon feedback, to embed equity of voice.
- Identify and act on inequalities - Health inequalities, and their drivers, should be identified and acted upon at every stage of healthcare design and delivery to drive improvements in patient safety and experience.
- Identify and mitigate risks - Targeted and coordinated action should be directed towards patient safety risks. Patients, workers and communities should be encouraged and empowered to proactively identify and speak up about risks, hazards and potential improvements. Leaders should promptly escalate new and existing risks to the most appropriate person or body.
- Be transparent and accountable - Leaders should acknowledge that creating a culture of safety requires honest, respectful and open dialogue, where candour is the default position. This transparency should support a model of continuous improvement, which learns from both successes and events, and ensures that patients, workers and communities do not face avoidable harm due to a cover up culture.
- Use information and data to drive improved care and outcomes for patients and help others to do the same - Leaders should enable patients to have access to their personal and other data to help them improve their own care. They should ensure that good quality data is collected and meets the needs of all patients, including those from underrepresented and inclusion health groups. Workers should be supported to use and share information and data to drive improved care and outcomes for patients, in accordance with the Caldicott Principles.
Shared principles
These principles were subject to a publication consultation, which we responded to on the 5 September 2024. You can find our full comments on each principle here.
We welcome the principles that the Patient Safety Commissioner has set out today. There is significant overlap between these seven principles and the six foundations of safer care we identify in our report, A Blueprint for Action.[2] For example:
- “Put patients at the heart of everything” aligns with our foundation on “Patient engagement”. We believe that patients should be engaged for safety at the point of care, if things go wrong, in improving services, advocating for changes and in holding the system to account.
- “Use information and data to drive improved care and outcomes for patients and help others to do the same” aligns with our foundation on “Data and insight for patient safety”.
We would also consider that these principles, when taken together, align with our view set out in A Blueprint for Action about the need for a transformation in our approach to patient safety placing this as a core purpose of health and care.
The Patient Safety Commissioner’s proposed principles also share much in common with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Patient Safety Action Plan.[3] This sets out a vision of a “world in which no patient is harmed in healthcare, and everyone receives safe and respectful care, every time, everywhere” and a goal of achieving the maximum possible reduction in avoidable harm as a result of unsafe care. There is again significant overlap between the points included in its seven strategic objectives and these principles.
The Principle “Put patients at the heart of everything” also reflects a wider international initiative in patient safety, the WHO Patient safety rights charter that was published earlier this year.[4] The Charter aims to outline patients’ rights in the context of safety and promotes the upholding of these rights, as established by international human rights standards, for everyone, everywhere, at all times.
Areas not covered by the principles
In our consultation response we also highlighted several areas not included in these principles. We would suggest these should also be considered when creating guidance for senior leaders on how to deliver safer care for patients and reduce avoidable harm.
Shared learning
This is one of the six core foundations of safer care we identify in A Blueprint for Action. Healthcare is systematically poor at learning from harm. If patients are to be safer, we need people and organisations to share learning when they respond to incidents of avoidable harm, and when they develop good practice for making care safer. It is vital that patients, clinicians, managers, and health and social care system leaders share learning about safety practice and performance to make care safer. This was the key driving force behind the creation of the hub, our platform to share learning for patient safety.
Patient safety standards
One of the primary reasons for the persistence of avoidable harm is that healthcare does not have or apply standards of good practice for patient safety in the way that it does for other issues. Standards that do exist are insufficient and inconsistent. At Patient Safety Learning, we believe that health and social care organisations need to have standards for patient safety. These can inform 'what good looks like' and enable organisations to self-assess against them.[5]
Designing for safety and safety in use
Treating patient safety as a core purpose of health and care requires us not just to respond to and mitigate the risk of harm, but also to design healthcare to be safe for patients and the staff who work within it. This would include greater use of human factors expertise and systems thinking to inform the safe design, safety management and approaches to investigating unsafe care. This is also covered in depth as part of the Global Patient Safety Action Plan’s second strategic objective, ‘High-reliability systems’.
Challenge of implementation
Publishing these Principles, the Patient Safety Commissioner said that:
“The Patient Safety Principles act as a guide for leaders at all levels on how to design and deliver safer care for patients and reduce avoidable harm, in a just and learning culture. They are relevant to healthcare providers as well as commissioners, regulators, manufacturers, and the broader supply chain. The principles provide a clear framework for planning, decision-making, and working collaboratively with patients as partners.”[6]
While we welcome this aspiration, how these are used in practice will determine their success. We need everyone —politicians, policymakers, patients, families and communities, clinicians, managers, system and professional regulators, researchers and academics, and health and social care system leaders — involved in this effort. All too often when it comes to patient safety, there exists an implementation gap between what we know improves patient safety and what is said about this compared to what is done in practice.[7]
An example of this can be seen concerning the first of these Principles, “Create a culture of safety”. This emphasises the role of leaders having a responsibility to lead by example to inspire a just and learning culture of patient safety. A similar aspiration is also identified in the NHS Patient Safety Strategy, which includes patient safety culture as one of the two foundations required in working towards its safety vision “to continuously improve patient safety”.[8]
However, despite this commitment in the NHS, blame cultures and a fear of speaking up continue to persist. As highlighted in our recent report analysing the NHS staff survey results, there often exists a significant gap in this respect between what organisations say about their approach to safety culture and how staff feel.[9]
If these Principles are to be realised, they will need not just to be accompanied by a endorsement from the Department of Health and Social Care and the NHS, but also clear action.
References
[1] Patient Safety Commissioner for England, Patient Safety Principles, 23 October 2024. https://www.patientsafetycommissioner.org.uk/principles/
[2] Patient Safety Learning. The Patient Safe Future: A Blueprint for Action, 2018. https://www.patientsafetylearning.org/resources/blueprint
[3] WHO. Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030, 3 August 2021. https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/patient-safety/policy/global-patient-safety-action-plan
[4] WHO. Patient safety rights charter, 18 April 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240093249
[5] Patient Safety Learning. Standards, Last accessed 4 September 2024. https://www.patientsafetylearning.org/standards
[6] Patient Safety Commissioner for England, Patient Safety Principles, 23 October 2024. https://www.patientsafetycommissioner.org.uk/principles/
[7] Patient Safety Learning. Mind the implementation gap: The persistence of avoidable harm in the NHS, 7 April 2022. https://www.patientsafetylearning.org/blog/mind-the-implementation-gap-the-persistence-of-avoidable-harm-in-the-nhs
[8] NHS England. The NHS Patient Safety Strategy: Safer culture, safer systems, safer patients, July 2019. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/190708_Patient_Safety_Strategy_for_website_v4.pdf
[9] Patient Safety Learning. We are not getting safer: Patient safety and the NHS staff survey results, 26 March 2024. https://www.patientsafetylearning.org/blog/we-are-not-getting-safer-patient-safety-and-the-nhs-staff-survey-results
